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Free online english notes XI Karachi Board,
Counts Revenge,
Character sketch of Counts of Monte Cristo (Edmund Dantes)
Count of Morcerf (Fernand Mondego)
Countess of Morcerf (Mercedes)
Albert
important characters of the drama Count of Monte Cristo
Important questions
Reference to context
We have specialized online professors for English, English Language, English literature and Linguistics.
A One Act Play: (Counts Revenge) is a short drama depicting a particular incident in the life of a particular character.
The incident invariably is significant in revealing of the personās life in a way that from the part it is easy to understand.
The whole, sometimes a plurality of incidents and characters may also occur but even so they are intensely concentrated towards an isolated purpose.
Variety of Ideas
The One Act Play chooses its theme from a large variety of ideas much as politics, war, religion, society, sex and what not.
Naturally, this contributes to its immense value and universal appeal which, along with absolute economy of words and a keen, brisk treatment, make the One Act play a powerful weapon in the hands of modern writers.
Drama and Fiction
In its way, the One Act play is closely comparable with the short story. The former has the same place in drama as the latter has in fiction.
In neither can the writer invent situations and characters with anything like the complexity and fullness of interest that can be achieved in the full length play or novel.
Strong Expressions
But out of these very limitations, arise the many attracting qualities that make a good one act play or a good shot story irresistible for discerning tastes.
The most vivid of these qualities are precision and concentration which find strong expression in all their intensity and simplicity through the medium of the One Act play, making it so rich, sensitive and powerful at the same time.
Attractive Qualities
For all its attractive qualities, the One Act play, however, has not achieved the same place in modern literature as the short story, which is largely due to practical obstacles.
The good short story lines in magazines and books but no play, of any kind is really alive until performed.
Needless to say, the professional theatres have all along given pride of place in entertainment to the full length play while the short play, known as āthe curtain-raiserā in stage parlance, has hardly ever found favour and has since gone almost completely out of fashion.
Very recently, however, the One Act play has made its re-appearance n the stage and won much applause from the audience.
Indeed, master-pieces like āThe Browing Versionā have wonderfully demonstrated how rich and sensitive a short play can be.
Another good reason to be hopeful for the future of the One Act play is that sound broadcasting and more recently,
Television have come to demand short plays in abundance and attracted seasoned writers to apply their craft to the form.
But, more hopeful than anything else, is the popularity of One Act plays in the schools and colleges of English speaking countries which has come to be established all too firmly for they offer splendid entertainment without making large demands upon time, effort and property.
Besides, they have a high practical value for the student of a language; it demonstrates the use of the spoken language in vivid, meaningful contexts.
For types of language study are at once as useful and enjoyable as the study of a good play.
Two One Act Play
The Counts Revenge
(By J.H. Wash)
Introduction: –Ā āThe Counts Revengeā is a fine One-Act play presented as a striking place of melodrama. “TheThe author, J.H. Wash, skillfully, adopts an incident from āThe Count of Monte Cristoā, a famous novel of the 19th century by the French writer Alexander Dumas.Ā Ā
ANALYTICAL STUDY:
Edmund DantesĀ ā The Sailor of Marseilles:
Long, long ago there lived a poor sailor in Marseilles, a large part on the Mediterrian sea coast of France, His name was Edmund Danties, and He was young and handsome, once he went on a long voyage and returned home after many years.
MercedesĀ ā The Girl from Catalonia:
Not far from his place, lived a girl,Ā from Catalonia, a region of Spain. Not far from his place, lived a girl, MercedesĀ from Catalonia, a region of Spain. She, too, was young and beautiful. Dantes fell in love with her, Soon he betrothed to her. He was happy for now hope to marry shortly to his sweet heart.
Fernand Mondego: The Fisherman
But there was also in that city another young man, a fisherman, Fernand Mondego, by name. He was a wicked villain. He resolved to win the Catalan girl from the young sailor.
The Most Devilish: (Plot ever hatched against Mortal).
So he hatched a plot against Dantes. Ind the most devilish plot ever hatched against mortal man. He produced false evidence to show that the sailor was a spy, an agent of the exiled Napoleon Buonaparte, once emperor of France.
He was trial in court, convicted as a spy and condemned to imprisonment for life, and then the poor innocent sailor was cast in an underground dungeon on an island fortress to pass the rest of his life as a victim of the black treachery of his rival.
Fernand Mondego Marries Mercedes:
Later on, He falsely informed Mercedes that Danties had died in goal. All men assured her of his death. Sometimes after, his cunning rival, the fisherman, asked her for her hand in marriage. She knew nothing of this villainy and his wickedness. Quite unaware of the deadly wrong, the simple girl easily taken in and gave her consent.Eventually, Fernand Mondego and Mercedes married together.
Fernand Mondego: (becomes the Count of Morcerf)
Now ever, the wicked rogue got on extremely well in life. He became an officer in the French Army and rose so far as to be a well-to-do nobleman with a distinguished place in society. In due course of time, he became the Count of Morcerf and lived in luxuriously furnished apartments in the Rue-du-Helder in Paris. More over his facial expression, Weak and fearful, his pale face, his thin compressed lips and his crafty expression easily defined him as a mean coward, a wicked, heartless villain.
Mercedes (become the Countess of Morcerf)
Needless to say, Mercedes, his wife now became the Countess of Morcerf. The unfortunate woman, soon after her marriage, discovered how mean and heartless her husband was indeed. True to his evil nature, he was often cruel not only to her but also to Albert, their only son.
Husband and wife had never been good friends before or they likely to be better friends now. On the other hand, Mercedes had never ceased to respect and admire Dantes and regard him noble.
Albert, a young French nobleman, was the only son of the Count and the Countess of Morcerf. Extremely sentimental by nature, he was a man of honour and a man of word. He was a close friend of the Count of Monte Cristo.
Beauchamp was the editor of a Paris newspaper. He, also, was a fast friend of Albert.
The Escape of Edmund Dantes & from the Dungeon:
The victim of the villainous Mondego.the innocent Dantes, betrayed to a living death, suffered slow, profound external torture in wrongful imprisonment in the underground dungeon on the island fortress for fourteen years. At last chance favoured him. He escaped from the dreadful place.
Edmund Dantes: (become the Count of Monte Cristo)
Edmund travelled and flourished. He re-established himself in life with wonderful speed and success. He grew rich and powerful. Within the short period of six years, he acquired wealth, influence, a title and a dazzling place in French society.
He lived like a prince, in the champs Elysses, a fashionable quarter of Paris, as the Count of Monte Cristo the mysterious stranger, who cloaked the person of Dantes splendidly dressed, handsome, gay, cymical, not very young, with a touch of the devil in him, he was ever his ordinary smiling self.
No wonder, he captured all Paris by his noble, charming, even obliging manners so that all loved and admired him.Ā Moreover, the spirit of chivalry, romance and adventure raged a strong in him.
He was a good swordsman and a wonderful shot. His pistol never missed its aim, so excellent was his marksmanship indeed. He often travelled on holidays to Rome, to Normandy, to any place that caught his fancy.
Also, He always made it his first duty on returning to Paris from any journey to pay his compliments to the Countess of Morcerf.
He was a close friend of her son Albert as well. He often went with him to spend his holidays together to places like Rome and Normandy. Once he had actually saved his life from death. He was like a father to Albert.
In fact, he show many to mother and son and helped them in many ways. But there was one thing that struck singularity strange about him. He never broke bread in the house of Morcerf. He strictly followed the Arab custom not to eat in the house of a deadly enemy who was Cristo’s enemy. Morcerf enmity was against him and mortally offend him in the past.
The Counts Revenge:
Searching Investigations:-His one and only aim of life all along was to seek vengeance upon Fernand Mondego, now the count of Morcerf, the man who had done him deadly wrong for fourteen years which, unmistaken ably, is a large slice from a man’s life.
There was time enough for him to plan his revenge. Determined to pay back his bitter rival and enemy in his own coins, he made ‘an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth’ the motto of his own life.
Ruthlessly, relentlessly, he pursued his wrong – door and ferreted his secrets. At last yet another gross, act of villainy committed by Morcerf came to light during the searching investigations.
The crime of High Treason:-
In 1823 when the French and the Turks were at war, Morcerf then a captain in the French Army, received bribes from the Turks and surrendered the French Fortress of Yanins to them.
Unearthed Documents:
The Count of Monte Cristo unearthed documents, signed, sealed and witnessed, which were unassailable proofs of Morcerf’s guilt.
He even found out an eye witness, a woman, who was actually present at the scene of the crime.
So, it was not he but Morcerf, who was a traitor to his people, who had betrayed his country, and who had committed the heinous crime of high treason against the motherland.
The Count of Monte Cristo wreaks his vengeance: –Ā
At last the count of Monte Cristo wreaked his vengeance.
Keeping himself in the background, he brought the accusations of the crime first in the press and then in parliament.
Notes written by Al-Saudia Expert English Language Home/Online Tutor in Karachi.
Birkenhead Drill:Get access to comprehensive English notes for XI year Karachi Board from experienced English professors at Birkenhead Online Tuition Pakistan. Our English notes cover all aspects of the English curriculum and provide a complete understanding of the subject.
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In addition to the paid notes and tuition services, we also offer free online English notes for XI year Karachi Board. These notes cover important topics such as “Birkenhead Drill” and “The Troop Ship Birkenhead.” We also provide essential resources like important questions and references to context, ensuring you have all the necessary tools for success.
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BIRKENHEAD DRILL
The Birkenhead was a troopship. It carried troops across the seas.
The Voyage:
In February 1851, more than a hundred years ago, it happened to be sailing to Cape Town in South Africa. It was carrying soldiers and their families on board.
The voyage had been uneventful so far;Ā the sea was calm as it was sound asleep.
The Passengers:
There were 630 passengers on the ship. Of these, 460 were soldiers and 170 were women and children.
The soldiers were young and inexperienced. So were the few officers. Needless to say, they were not used to facing dangers.
The Hidden Rock:
An unknown rock lay hidden under the sea, forty miles from Cape Town. It was like a wild creature of the ocean, lying in wait for its prey.
The Prey:
The prey was the troopship Birkenhead. It was approaching fast. It was quite unaware of its fate.
The collision:
At two Oāclock, in the early morning of February 25th 1851, the Birkenhead struck the hidden rock. Ten minutes after, ship sank forthwith.
The other half, however, remained afloat, worst of all; only three of the several lifeboats were left in a useful condition.
The Passengers after the collision:
Awakened by the sudden crash, the unfortunate passengers ran out of their cabins and crawled to the deck of that half of the ship that was still afloat. For the time being at least they were safe.
Certain Death:
Almost all the passengers faced certain death. Only 180 people could find room in the three lifeboats, 60 in each. The rest had no chance of life. The treacherous waters would drown them or else the hungry sharks would devour them. There was every cause for panic, for life is sweet.
Panic:
If there had been a panic on the Birkenhead, not one of the 630 people would have been saved.
All would have struggled to get into one of the lifeboats. Many would have been crushed under feet. Many would have been pushed into the sea.
Boats might have been overloaded and sunk. The strongest would have won their way to the boats. The weakest ā woman and children, the old and the sick ā would have been left to their fate.
Such things had happened before. But, strange to say, there was no panic on the Birkenhead. The troops showed remarkable discipline and great heroism.
Women and Children First:
āWomen and children firstā, was the order of the day. The soldiers and sailors stood on the deck in proper drill order, line upon line, rank by rank.
The boats were lowered. The women and children filled them. As they sailed away, the men calmly awaited their fate with set faces.
Discipline and Gallantry:
These brave souls set an example of discipline and gallantry. The heroic action of the commander of the troops can hardly meet a parallel anywhere.
He was hanging on to wreckage, saw two young sailors struggling in the water. And he pushed the wreckage towards them. The three hold on to it.
It was not strong enough for all three. So he let go his hold and himself chose to die.
One of the survivors reported that the determination of all hands was far more than could be effected by the best discipline. Everyone did as directed.
Everyone was loyal to himself and to his duty. And never was a word of hoard.
The meaning of the Birkenhead Drill:
Ever since Birkenhead Drill ā Woman and Children First has been the order followed on all ships that are in danger. āBirkenhead Drillā mean today āto stand and be stillā facing certain death, so that weaker ones may have a chance of life.
Question and Answer:
Q.1.
Ans:Ā The Birkenhead sank forty miles from Cape Town on 25th February 1851.
Q.2.
Ans:Ā The Birkenhead was carrying soldiers and their families.
Q.3.
Ans:Ā The Birkenhead was wrecked because it struck a rock hidden under the sea. The rock was hidden under the sea. It was unknown & undiscovered. It was not shown in the sea maps. So the crew of the ship was not to blame.
Q.4.
Ans:Ā When the ship struck against the rock, most of the lifeboats were damaged or destroyed. Only three were in a useful condition. Each boat could carry just 60 passengers. So there was lifeboat accommodation for 180 people in all after the collision with the rock.
Q.5.
Ans: Yes, there was enough room in the lifeboats for all the women and children on board. The women and children were only 130 in number but there was lifeboat accommodation for 180.
Q.6.
Ans: If there had been a panic on the Birkenhead, not one of the 630 people would saved. All the passengers would have made wild efforts to get into the boats. Moreover, Men, Women and Children would have been crushed under feet. They would have pushed one another into the sea. Also, The boats might have been overloaded and sunk under the weight. Such things had happened in panic before. The same would have happened again.
Q.7.
Ans:The sailors showed perfect discipline and great heroism. They stood at attention as if a drill. With set faces, they awaited their fate calmly as the boats sailed away with the women and children.
Q.8.
Ans: Finally a rescue ship saved only a few of the men left on the sinking ship. They struggled to the surface of the sea and held on to pieces of wreckage. A rescue ship arrived on the scene and picked them up.
Q.9.
Ans: The commander of the ship acted with great heroism. He was hanging on to wreckage in the sea. He saw two young sailors struggling in the water for their lives, pushed the wreckage towards them.
All the three held on to it. Soon the commander realized that the wreckage was not strong enough for all three. So he let go his hold and himself chose to die.
Q.10.
Ans: No, the troops on board of the Birkenhead were unexperienced. They never faced these kind of danger. An officer of the troops reported that the troops behaved with gallantry and discipline unto the very last.
Notes written by Al-saudia Expert English Language Online Tutors in Karachi.
The binomial distribution is a discrete probability distribution that models the number of successes in a fixed number of independent Bernoulli trials, where each trial has only two possible outcomes: success or failure. The probability of success remains constant for each trial.
To optimize your understanding of the binomial distribution for math tuition, I can provide you with some key concepts and techniques:
Probability Mass Function (PMF):
The PMF of the binomial distribution gives the probability of observing a specific number of successes in a fixed number of trials. It is given by the formula:P(X = k) = (n choose k) * p^k * (1 – p)^(n – k)
Where:
P(X = k) is the probability of getting exactly k successes in n trials,
(n choose k) is the binomial coefficient, equal to n! / (k! * (n – k)!),
p is the probability of success in a single trial, and
(1 – p) is the probability of failure in a single trial.
Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF):
The CDF of the binomial distribution gives the probability of observing up to a certain number of successes. It is the sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes up to and including that number.
Mean and Variance:
For a binomial distribution with parameters n (number of trials) and p (probability of success), the mean (Ī¼) and variance (Ļ^2) are given by:Ī¼ = n * p Ļ^2 = n * p * (1 – p)
Shape and Properties:
The shape of the binomial distribution is influenced by the values of n and p. As n increases, the distribution becomes more symmetric and bell-shaped, resembling a normal distribution when n is large. The mean and variance determine the center and spread of the distribution, respectively.
Approximations:
For large values of n and when p is not too close to 0 or 1, the binomial distribution can be approximated by a normal distribution using the Central Limit Theorem. This approximation can be useful for making calculations easier or estimating probabilities.
Calculations and Applications:
The binomial distribution is used in various applications, such as hypothesis testing, quality control, genetics, and market research. It helps to calculate probabilities of obtaining certain numbers of successes or to assess the likelihood of observed data.
Mathematics and Statistics Tuition
When teaching or learning about the binomial distribution, it is essential to provide examples, practice problems, and visual representations like probability tables or graphs to aid comprehension and application.
Let me know if there’s anything specific you would like to know or if you have any questions regarding the binomial distribution!
Assumptions
The assumptions of the binomial distribution are as follows:
Fixed Number of Trials:
The binomial distribution assumes a fixed number of independent trials, denoted by ‘n’. Each trial can have only two possible outcomes, often referred to as success (S) or failure (F).
Independent Trials:
The trials must be independent of each other, meaning that the outcome of one trial does not influence the outcome of another trial. This assumption is important to ensure that each trial has the same probability of success.
Constant Probability of Success:
The probability of success, denoted by ‘p’, must remain constant for each trial. In other words, the probability of success does not change from trial to trial.
Binary Outcomes:
Each trial must have only two possible outcomes, typically referred to as success or failure. These outcomes are mutually exclusive, meaning that a trial cannot be both a success and a failure simultaneously.
Discrete Variables:
The distribution deals with discrete variables, meaning that the number of successes out of ‘n’ trials must be a whole number (0, 1, 2, etc.).
These assumptions are necessary to apply the distribution accurately. Violation of these assumptions may require the use of alternative probability distributions.
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Banking and Finance: Complete and Comprehensive Notes
Introduction:
Banking and finance play a crucial role in the global economy, facilitating transactions, managing risks, and providing financial services to individuals, businesses, and governments.
This comprehensive set of notes aims to provide a detailed explanation of key terms and concepts in banking and finance, equipping you with a solid foundation in this dynamic field. Let’s delve into the world of banking and finance and explore its diverse components.
Types of banks: commercial banks, central banks, investment banks, etc.
Regulatory bodies overseeing the banking sector
1.2 Banking Products and Services:
Deposit accounts: current accounts, savings accounts, fixed deposits, etc.
Loans and credit facilities: personal loans, mortgages, business loans, credit cards, etc.
Payment services: electronic funds transfer, checks, online banking, mobile banking, etc.
Trade finance: letters of credit, bank guarantees, documentary collections, etc.
Wealth management and investment services
1.3 Banking Operations:
Core banking functions: account opening, cash handling, customer service, etc.
Risk management in banking: credit risk, market risk, operational risk, etc.
Basel Accords and their impact on banking regulations
Anti-money laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) procedures
Treasury operations: foreign exchange, money markets, derivatives, etc.
Financial Markets:
2.1 Overview of Financial Markets:
Definition and functions of financial markets
Types of financial markets: money market, capital market, derivatives market, etc.
Participants in financial markets: investors, issuers, intermediaries, regulators, etc.
2.2 Securities and Instruments:
Equities: common stock, preferred stock, stock exchanges, etc.
Fixed income securities: bonds, treasury bills, corporate bonds, etc.
Derivative instruments: options, futures, swaps, etc.
Commodities and precious metals as tradable assets
2.3 Investment Vehicles:
Mutual funds, hedge funds, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs)
Pension funds and retirement planning
Real estate investment trusts (REITs)
Alternative investments: private equity, venture capital, etc.
Risk Management and Financial Analysis:
3.1 Risk Management:
Types of financial risk: credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk, etc.
Risk assessment and measurement techniques
Hedging strategies and risk mitigation tools
3.2 Financial Analysis:
Financial statement analysis: balance sheets, income statements, cash flow statements
Ratio analysis and financial performance evaluation
Valuation techniques: discounted cash flow (DCF), price-earnings ratio (P/E), etc.
Regulatory Framework and Compliance:
Overview of banking regulations and compliance requirements
Basel III framework and its implications
Anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CTF) regulations
Data protection and privacy laws in the banking and finance sector
Conclusion:
Banking and finance form the backbone of modern economies, providing crucial financial services and facilitating economic growth.
These comprehensive notes have covered a wide range of concepts, terms, and practices in banking and finance, equipping you with the essential knowledge to navigate this dynamic field.
Keep exploring, stay updated with industry developments, and deepen your understanding through continuous learning.
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