Introduction to Biochemistry

a) Introduction to Biochemistry:

b) Matrix of Life: Weak Interactions in an Aqueous Environment:

c) Molecular Architecture of Living Matter:

The Bio-Molecules:

Amino Acids:

The United Nations

United Nations Organization, (UNO), The aim of the U.N.O. is to prevent war and establish permanent peace. It talks ever-urgent problems or war and peace.

The Second World War:

War began in 1939 and ended in the spring of 1945.

The Evil Consequence of War:

War brought worldwide suffering. It brought death, destruction, disease and hunger to millions. It did not spare even women and children.

Conscience of man- a source of Inspiration:

All this misery of man awakened his conscience. He grew a strong hatred for war, prayed for peace, good will and brotherhood on earth.

He dreamed of a better and happier world. These thoughts inspired the foundation of the United Nation Organization.

The Birth of the United Nations  (U.N.O.)

Needless to say, these dreams could come true only if the people of the world united. And they were already coming closer and closer in some ways. Science was helping this.

It invented better and swifter means of communication and transport. The telephone, telegraph and wireless exchange news and information rapidly.

Nowadays Net provides even faster and more sophisticated mean of communication. The aeroplanes linked even the renwtest countries. Conditions of life in one country soon affected another.

The world had become one in respect of time and space. So all its people tried to make it one in every respect.

They organized the United Nations Organization (The U.N.O.) – or the United Nations (the U.N.) for short – in April 1945. The U.N.O. meets in New York in the United States of America.

The Aims of the U.N.O.

The aim of the U.N.O. is to prevent war and establish permanent peace. It talks ever-urgent problems or war and peace, tries to solve them as far as possible.

Studies living conditions in all parts of the world. It fights against political and social injustice.

Fights against aggression, poverty, hunger, disease and ignorance. It is a spearhead in the hands of civilization against all kinds of evils.

Prevention of War & Peace efforts:

1.The hard path of the Peacemaker:

Prevention of war is by no means an easy job. It is the game of powerful politicians.

The political atmosphere of the enemy countries is charged with hatred and bitterness.

Also the intentions of a peacemaker are doubted. Wiser counsels do hardly ever prevail.

So peace efforts, more often then not, most with failure. The path of the peacemaker is indeed hard.

The U.N.O. his succeeded in bringing peace only in a few cases. For the most part, its results have been unsatisfactory.

2.Fighting social evils:

But there is no cause for despair. One part of U.N.O. work promises hope. This is the work of fighting social evils. Living conditions of quite a number of countries are far from satisfactory.

This breads discontent. Discontent lasting for a long time starts little quarrels between nations. Any of these may lend to a fresh world war in the long run, so the U.N.O. tries to end all causes of discontent.

It studies living conditions of all countries and fight their social evils, such as poverty, ignorance, diseases, social and political injustice.

Thus it strikes at the root of the causes of war and prevents its outbreak.

International Work: 

Men and women from different countries, races and religious first plan and then work practically for the welfare of backward people who are quite strangers to them.

Thus so many people come very close together. They know and understand one and another better.

It goes without saying that welfare workers would never like to go to war with people whom they help.

An Example of International work: The far most has a number of countries – Burma, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Thailand and Viet Nam, Canals rivers and lakes are their natural highways.

Millions of people live on the great rivers. There are millions of boats. They are of ancient types.

They are plenty cheap labour. So their standard of living is poor. This hinders progress. They United Nations organized the Inland Water Transport Tour of Asian.

Experts to improve the inland water transport of these countries. The members of the tour first visited the countries of the Far East to know and understand the conditions of life on their quiet inland waterways.

Then they visited Europe and America. There they saw the rivers, boats and shipyards of the west and studied its water transport operation.

They also discussed water transport problems with western experts. Thus they gained immense experience.  Use background of experience in solving the transport problems of their own countries in the Far East.

Birth of the UNO an event in world History:

Patrician should mean love for one’s own country as well as the U.N.O. 24^th October is celebrated as U.N. Day every year.

Each year we pledge to work for world peace and important event in the world history.

The Structure of the U.N.O.

1. I. The U.N.O.
2. The General Assembly:
3. Description: is the Central and principal organ of the U.N.O.
4. Structure:

(i)Members:

1.Every member nation is represented in the Assembly.

2.Each member nation can send five representatives.

3.But only one of them has the right to vote. Each member nation can cast only a single vote.

(ii)President:

Each sitting elects its own president.

(iii) Committees:

1. It has six main conditions for its usual work.

2. Appoints separate of committees for special purposes.

3.It appoints a special committee for its regular sittings as well.

1. Functions: It considers questions related to peace and to the advancement of happiness and justice in the world.
2. The Security Council:
3. Description: Is the most active organ of the U.N.O.
4. Structure:

i.It is made up of eleven members.

ii.Five are permanent members- , The U.S.A., Russia, The U.K., France and China, Each of these has a vote.

iii.The other six are temporary members. They are selected for two-year terms, three each year, the General Assembly.

1. Functions:

i)It discusses matters of great importance and urgent nature.

ii)But it should have the support of each permanent member.

iii)If one of them uses its vote to any matter, it is dropped for the time being, at least.

3. The Secretary General:

a.Description: is the chief officer of the U.N.O.

b.Structure:

1.His terms of office are five years. It is extended till the election of his successor, if the need arise.

2.He is appointed by the General Assembly with the approval of the Security Council.

c.Functions:

1.He has important political responsibilities.

2.To submits a report on the work of the organization each year.

4. The Secretariat:

a.Description:

Consists of all the officers of the U.N.O.

b.Structure:

1.These officers are under the Secretary General.

2.The Headquarters of the Secretariat is in New York. It is directly under the Secretary General. It has a staff of about 3500 people.

3. Secretariat has its special branches at various other centers. These have hundredth of employees.

4.The staff of the secretariat is made up of people from different nations.

People from so many different nations work in no other organization of the world.

The employees do not represent their country. Their outlook is international in nature and character.

d.Functions:

i.The staff has to prepare the matter for various meetings.

ii.They have to manage the meetings.

iii.Have to maintain a record of all that is said and done there.

iv.They have to prepare daily reports for the press and the

v.Translators sit in soundproof cabins, listen to speeches and translate them at the same time.

Thus each member can listen to the speeches in his own language through headphones.

vi.Various urgent problems of the day are studied in a scientific way.

II Ancillary Organizations:

Description: Are special bodies of the U.N.O.

Structure:

1.Some of them ladies are part of the U.N.

2.Some are independent.

Functions:

All of them are closely associated with the work of the U.N.

1. The International Bank:

Description: is a special body of the U.N.O. it gives financial help to the people of the world.

Structure:

Functions:

It lends money on loan to member nations for work of public importance and utility such as electric power plants, roads, railways, canals and flood control.

Examples:

In 1951, the Bank gave a loan to a Mexican village for an electric plant. This had a wonderful effect. The population in co cased three fold. Industrial users of electricity increased from 3 to 33.

The town started a radio station, a daily newspaper, and a night school. The number of school going children increased seven times.

2. The U.N. Children Funds: (UNICEF)

Description: A special body of the U.N.O.Is the friend of children all over the world.

Function: it specializes in the relief of children.

3. The World Health Organization (WHO):

Description: Is a special body of the U.N.O. It cares for International Health.

Date: It was started in 1946, But practical shape on 7^th April in new celebrated as World Health Day.

Functions:

1.It advises member nations on public health and disease control.

2.Also it makes war on many wide spread diseases.

Examples:

1.It wiped out malaria from the Terai district of Utar Pardash.

The farmers raised their produces by fifty percent.

2.Made war on yaws in Indonesia in 1950. It sent medical experts to train Indonesian workers. UNICEF supplied medicines and transport.

The home country gave workers and buildings etc. Millions of patients were examined and cured; in a few years almost the whole country will be free from yaws.

YAWS: is a disease of hot wet climate. Few die of it, but many became helpless forever.

4. United Nations: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO):

Description: is a special body of the U.N.O.Its problems are hunger.

Date: It was started in 1943.

Functions:

1.Sends experts to countries to advise them how to grow more food and other crops, how to control plant and animal diseases, how to protect food storage, and how to increase the yield of farms, forests and fisheries.

2.Publishes useful literature on agriculture, forests and fishing.

5. The United Nations Education Science and Culture Organization. (UNESCO):

Description:

It is a special organization of the U.N. for advancing education, science and culture.

Structure: (United Nations)

1.Most of the human race is illiterate. Less than half of the world’s children go to school. So progress cannot go far along modern lines.

2.People do not learn to read unless they first find some practical improvement in their way of life; for only after that do they realized the benefit of learning to read.

Functions:

1.It teaches member nations how to spread education far and wide in their countries.

2.Supplies certain kinds of training and aids for the purpose.

3.It gives information about new ways of teaching by books, pictures, films, or radio as these are worked out through fresh experience.

4.All this develops necessary understanding and habits of mind, which are so useful for life in the modern world.

5.Much efforts advance human welfare, international understanding and world peace. (united nations)

Online Tuition Pakistan

Saudi Arabia Online tutor

Online Tutor Pakistan

Math Tutor

Notes

My Bank Account

Pakistan Online Tuition – Al-Saudia Virtual Academy, Pakistan first and the largest online tutors Academy.

Provides free online english notes, english notes for Karachi and Federal Board.

XI year english notes Karachi Board are prepared by expert online english tutors.

My Bank Account

Introduction:

Stephen Leacock, the author of“My Bank Account”, was a respectable University Teacher and highly successful with his writing and was a writer of great repute, he excelled in the art of humor.

My Bank Account, alive with delicate touches of the same, is an example of short story of rare charm and beauty.

The Story:

The Irresponsible fool:

As certain man was ever much too afraid to go into a bank and was afraid of the desk, the clerks and even the money.

So afraid he was indeed, that he became an irresponsible fool the moment he to do any business there.

The Raise in Salary:

None-the-less, when his salary was raised to fifty dollars a month, he made up his mind to put all his savings in a bank which he felt was the only safe place for it.

He goes to a bank:

He, therefore, walked into a bank. Needless to say his steps were unsteadily and he looked at the clerks in fear.

A silly Idea:

More ever, he had a silly idea that he must talk to the manager before he opened an account in the bank. He felt it was all too necessary.

The Accountant:

So he walked up to the accountant who was a tall, cool devil. In a voice, which sounded as if it came from the grave, he asked him, if he could see the manager ‘a lone’.

The Manager:

The accountant brought the manager.

A calm, serious man, he looked at the newcomer with some anxiety, for he thought he was detective with a terrible secret to tell or else a rich man with a large account to open.

To be sure, he took him into a private room and turned the key in the lock.

This made him worse so that he hardly found voice to speak. However, it was soon known that he was neither a detective nor a rich man.

The manager relieved but grew indifferent. In a cool cruel voice, he told him to go to the accountant. Nervous as never before, he walked into the big iron door of the safe.

The manager called him out and showed him the way.

The Account is opened: 

Back to the accountant, he threw the 56 dollars; he had pressed together in a ball in his pocket, at him with a quick sudden movement, asking him to place it in the bank.

At last the account was opened. All this had been too much for him. His face turned terribly pale.

His voice was hollow and shaking no longer himself, he felt the bank swing before his eyes.

Another Silly Idea:

Another silly idea, then, came into his mind. He wished to draw out six dollars for present use, and asked for a cheque. But instead of writing 6 dollars, he wrote 56 on it.

And the mischief was done. The people of the bank were surprised and stopped writing to look at him.

One of them asked if he would draw it all out again. Not before long, he realized his mistake. At his wit’s end to reason any more, he felt it was impossible to explain.

So he grew bold and careless in his misery declared that he wanted the whole thing back to the last cent.

The Account is closed:

Astonished, they paid back all the money in denomination indicated by the strange customer.

No sooner did he get the money, and then he rushed out of the bank.

A roar of laughter went the air as the big door swung behind him.

Savings in a Sock:

Since then he uses a bank no more. Instead, he keeps his money in his pocket and his savings in silver dollars in a sock.

Math Tutor

Science and Scientists

Science and Scientist is a important chapter of XI English Text Book for Karachi Board.

Reference to context:

Reference

‘Science and Scientists’ is a short essay. F. Sherwood Taylor writes it. It is taken from ‘The World of Science’.

Context

The writer gives (a) definitions of Science and (b) the cause of the growth of Science.

Definition of Science:

Man in the Street: Definition of Science, Meaning of the word ‘Science’.

• The man in the street (or the layman) knows the meaning of the word science fairly well. Of course, he knows it only in his own simple way. He thinks that:
• Astronomy, Chemistry, Biology etc are definitely science.
• Engineering of medicine may or may not be science and
• Politics, History, Art, Religion etc are definitely not science.

This clearly shows that the ‘man in the street’ has a very vague idea about science. In fact, he does not know even its rudiments, much less its niceties.

A Scientist Definition of Science:

A scientist defines science as that which has the following characteristics in its outlook:

Exactness:

i.e. is an exact (or accurate) as possible.

System:

i.e. has a methodical arrangement.

Sound Evidence: i.e. is based on and supported by solid proofs. It does not jump to conclusions (or draw hasty inference without waiting for necessary proofs).

Truth: i.e. aims at finding out only the truth and nothing at all being influenced by personal views – for or against or personal prejudices – likes or dislikes.

Anything, say a piece of work or a book which has these qualities is “Scientific’ otherwise it is ‘unscientific’. Needless to say, a science is so busy with his experiments that he has hardly any time for definitions.

Simple Definition of Science:

Simply stated, science is a big collection of (1) facts and (2) Laws, which explain the relationship between these facts.

The most essential characteristics of the Facts of Science and the laws of Science are that

(1) these are stated in a language, which has a quite clear meaning so that no doubts arise in the mind.

(2) Their truth can always be verified by scientific experiments.

Importance of the Definitions:

• These definitions may not sound interesting. Never the less, they are quite important for they bring to light the essential factor that is responsible for the phenomenal progress of science.
• That essential factor is the scientific attitude of mind.

Science made little progress so long as people had an unscientific attitude of mind i.e. people searched knowledge in a random careless way, readily believing what other said.

The statements were never put to test.

But science made astonishing progress when people acquired the scientific attitude of mind – i.e. people tested stated facts through experiments.

Math Tutor